SAFETY MONITORING SYSTEM
Safety monitoring is concerned with the measurement and evaluation of safety performance. It may take the following forms:
1. Safety surveys: This is a detailed examination of a number of critical areas of operation or, perhaps, an in-depth study of all health and safety related activities in a workplace.
2. Safety tours: These are an unscheduled examination of a working area, frequently undertaken as a group exercise (eg foreman, safety representative and safety committee member), to assess general compliance with safety requirements (eg fire protection measures and use of machinery safety devices).
3. Safety audits: A safety audit fundamentally subjects each area of an organisation’s activities to a systematic critical examination with the object of minimising injury and loss. It generally takes the form of a series of questions directed to examining factors such as the operation of safe systems of work, compliance with the Statement of Health and Safety Policy and the operation of hazard reporting systems.
4. Safety inspections: A scheduled inspection of a premises or working area to assess levels of legal compliance and observation of company safety procedures. Safety inspections are frequently undertaken by company safety specialists and trade union safety representatives.
5. Safety sampling: A system designed to measure by random sampling the accident potential in a workplace or process by identifying defects in safety performance or omissions. Observers follow a prescribed route through the working area noting deficiencies in performance, eg concerning the wearing of personal protective equipment or the use of correct manual handling techniques.
In some cases, individual topics in the safety sampling exercise are ranked according to importance with a maximum number of points achievable. At the end of the exercise a total score is identified which gives an indication of the performance level at that point in time.
6. Hazard and operability studies: Such studies incorporate the application of formal critical examination to the process and engineering intentions regarding new facilities. The principal aim of such a study is to assess the hazard potential arising from the incorrect operation of equipment and the consequential effects on the facility. Such an operation enables remedial action to be taken at a very early stage.
7. Damage control: Levels of damage are an indication of future accident potential. Damage control operates on the philosophy that non-injury accidents are just as important as injury accidents. The elimination of the causes of accidents resulting in damage to property, plant and products frequently results in a reduction in injury accidents.
ACCIDENT PREVENTION STRATEGIES FOR AND BY MANAGERS AND SUPERVISORS
MEANS OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION THAT CAN BE INITIATED BY MANAGERS
As a Manager, there are means and ways that can prevent accidents that you may initiate.
Means of preventing accidents
Strategies for preventing accidents take many forms. These include:
1. Prohibition: Some processes and practices may be so inherently dangerous that the only way to prevent accidents is by management placing a total prohibition on that activity. This may take the form of a prohibition on the use of a particular substance, such as an identified toxic substance, or of prohibiting people from carrying out unsafe practices, such as riding on the tines of a fork-lift truck, climbing over moving conveyors or working on roofs without crawlboards.
2. Substitution: The substitution of a less dangerous material or system of work will, in many cases, reduce accident potential. Typical examples are the introduction of remote control handling facilities for direct manual handling operations, the substitution of toluene, a much safer substance, for benzene, and the use of non-asbestos substitutes for boiler and pipe lagging.
3. Change of process: Design or process engineering can usually change a process to ensure better operator protection. Safety aspects of new systems should be considered in the early stages of projects.
4. Process control: This can be achieved through the isolation of a particular process, the use of ‘permit to work’ systems, mechanical or remote control handling systems, restriction of certain operations to highly trained and competent operators, and the introduction of dust and fume arrestment plant.
5. Safe systems of work: Formally designated safe systems of work, with high levels of training, supervision and control, are an important strategy in accident prevention (see below).
6. Personal protective equipment: This entails the provision of items such as safety boots, goggles, aprons, gloves, etc, but is limited in its application as a safety strategy
Safe systems of work
A safe system of work is defined as ‘the integration of men, machinery and materials in the correct environment to provide the safest possible working conditions in a particular working area’.
A safe system of work should incorporate the following features:
(a) a correct sequence of operations;
(b) a safe working area layout;
(c) a controlled environment in terms of temperature, lighting, ventilation, dust control, humidity control, sound pressure levels and radiation hazards; and
(d) clear specification of safe practices and procedures for the task in question.
Safe systems of work are generally designed through the technique of ‘job safety analysis’.
HAZARDS OF USING PNEUMATIC TOOLS BASIC INFORMATION AND TUTORIALS
WHAT ARE THE PNEUMATIC TOOLS HAZARD WHEN WORKING?
Hazard of Pneumatic Tools
Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air and include chippers, drills, hammers, and sanders.
There are several dangers associated with the use of pneumatic tools. First and foremost is the danger of getting hit by one of the tool's attachments or by some kind of fastener the worker is using with the tool.
Pneumatic tools must be checked to see that the tools are fastened securely to the air hose to prevent them from becoming disconnected.
A short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool must also be used and will serve as an added safeguard.
If an air hose is more than 12.7 millimeters in diameter, a safety excess flow valve must be installed at the source of the air supply to reduce pressure in case of hose failure.
In general, the same precautions should be taken with an air hose that are recommended for electric cords, because the hose is subject to the same kind of damage or accidental striking, and because it also presents tripping hazards.
When using pneumatic tools, a safety clip or retainer must be installed to prevent attachments such as chisels on a chipping hammer from being ejected during tool operation.
Pneumatic tools that shoot nails, rivets, staples, or similar fasteners and operate at pressures more than 6,890 kPa, must be equipped with a special device to keep fasteners from being ejected, unless the muzzle is pressed against the work surface.
Airless spray guns that atomize paints and fluids at pressures of 6,890 kPa or more must be equipped with automatic or visible manual safety devices that will prevent pulling the trigger until the safety device is manually released.
Eye protection is required, and head and face protection is recommended for employees working with pneumatic tools.
Screens must also be set up to protect nearby workers from being struck by flying fragments around chippers, riveting guns, staplers, or air drills.
Compressed air guns should never be pointed toward anyone. Workers should never "dead-end" them against themselves or anyone else. A chip guard must be used when compressed air is used for cleaning.
Use of heavy jackhammers can cause fatigue and strains. Heavy rubber grips reduce these effects by providing a secure handhold.
Workers operating a jackhammer must wear safety glasses and safety shoes that protect them against injury if the jackhammer slips or falls.
A face shield also should be used. Noise is another hazard associated with pneumatic tools. Working with noisy tools such as jackhammers requires proper, effective use of appropriate hearing protection.
Hazard of Pneumatic Tools
Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air and include chippers, drills, hammers, and sanders.
There are several dangers associated with the use of pneumatic tools. First and foremost is the danger of getting hit by one of the tool's attachments or by some kind of fastener the worker is using with the tool.
Pneumatic tools must be checked to see that the tools are fastened securely to the air hose to prevent them from becoming disconnected.
A short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool must also be used and will serve as an added safeguard.
If an air hose is more than 12.7 millimeters in diameter, a safety excess flow valve must be installed at the source of the air supply to reduce pressure in case of hose failure.
In general, the same precautions should be taken with an air hose that are recommended for electric cords, because the hose is subject to the same kind of damage or accidental striking, and because it also presents tripping hazards.
When using pneumatic tools, a safety clip or retainer must be installed to prevent attachments such as chisels on a chipping hammer from being ejected during tool operation.
Pneumatic tools that shoot nails, rivets, staples, or similar fasteners and operate at pressures more than 6,890 kPa, must be equipped with a special device to keep fasteners from being ejected, unless the muzzle is pressed against the work surface.
Airless spray guns that atomize paints and fluids at pressures of 6,890 kPa or more must be equipped with automatic or visible manual safety devices that will prevent pulling the trigger until the safety device is manually released.
Eye protection is required, and head and face protection is recommended for employees working with pneumatic tools.
Screens must also be set up to protect nearby workers from being struck by flying fragments around chippers, riveting guns, staplers, or air drills.
Compressed air guns should never be pointed toward anyone. Workers should never "dead-end" them against themselves or anyone else. A chip guard must be used when compressed air is used for cleaning.
Use of heavy jackhammers can cause fatigue and strains. Heavy rubber grips reduce these effects by providing a secure handhold.
Workers operating a jackhammer must wear safety glasses and safety shoes that protect them against injury if the jackhammer slips or falls.
A face shield also should be used. Noise is another hazard associated with pneumatic tools. Working with noisy tools such as jackhammers requires proper, effective use of appropriate hearing protection.
HAZARD CLASSIFICATION IN WORKPLACE SAFETY BASIC INFORMATION AND TUTORIALS
HOW TO CLASSIFY HAZARDS IN WORKPLACE?
Hazard Classifications
Hazards found during an inspection shall be classified so that managers can allocate time and dollars for their correction in order of priority based on the degree of danger present.
Hazards shall be classified as: imminent danger, serious, and non-serious based on the following criteria.
• Imminent danger hazards would likely cause death, severe injury or high property losses immediately, or before the hazard can be eliminated through normal procedures. Immediate employee protection and abatement is required.
An example is a leaking propane gas cylinder in crew quarters.
• Serious hazards are those in which there is high probability that serious injury, illness, ör extensive property damage would result unless corrective action is taken. Abatement shall be accomplished within 14 days.
An example is a broken stair tread.
• Non-serious hazards are those that could cause injury, illness, or property damage. Abatement shall be accomplished in 30 days.
An example is a broken window in a workshop.
Hazard Classifications
Hazards found during an inspection shall be classified so that managers can allocate time and dollars for their correction in order of priority based on the degree of danger present.
Hazards shall be classified as: imminent danger, serious, and non-serious based on the following criteria.
• Imminent danger hazards would likely cause death, severe injury or high property losses immediately, or before the hazard can be eliminated through normal procedures. Immediate employee protection and abatement is required.
An example is a leaking propane gas cylinder in crew quarters.
• Serious hazards are those in which there is high probability that serious injury, illness, ör extensive property damage would result unless corrective action is taken. Abatement shall be accomplished within 14 days.
An example is a broken stair tread.
• Non-serious hazards are those that could cause injury, illness, or property damage. Abatement shall be accomplished in 30 days.
An example is a broken window in a workshop.
HEALTH EFFECTS TO EXPOSURE OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS BASIC INFORMATION AND TUTORIALS
WHAT ARE EFFECTS TO EXPOSURE OF CHEMICALS?
Toxicology and Health Information
The consequences of exposure, if any, by inhalation, skin or eye contact, or ingestion are outlined in this section. The signs, symptoms and effects that the exposure could produce are described so that any exposure would be recognized as quickly as possible and the appropriate action taken.
The organs that are more susceptible to attack are referred to as target organs. The effects and damage that exposure could produce on these organs are given together with the symptoms. Some of the terms used that may be less familiar or which may have a specific inference in MSDS are defined below:
• Acute Effect: An adverse effect on a human or animal resulting from a single exposure with symptoms developing almost immediately after exposure. The effect is often of short duration.
• Chronic Effect: An adverse effect on a human or animal body resulting from repeated low level exposure, with symptoms that develop slowly over a long period of time or that reoccur frequently.
• Corrosive: A liquid or solid that causes visible destruction or irreversible alterations in human or animal tissue.
• Irritation: An inflammatory response or reaction of the eye, skin or respiratory system.
• Allergic Sensitization: A process whereby on first exposure a substance causes little or no reaction in humans or test animals, but which on repeated exposure may cause a marked response not necessarily limited to the contact site.
Skin sensitization is the most common form of sensitization in the industrial setting, although respiratory sensitization is also known to occur.
• Teratogen: A substance or agent to which exposure of a pregnant female can result in malformations (birth defects) to the skeleton and or soft tissue of the fetus.
• Mutagen: A substance or agent capable of altering the genetic material in a living organism.
• Carcinogen: A substance or agent capable of causing or producing cancer in humans or animals. Authorities/ organizations that have evaluated whether or not a substance is a carcinogen are the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) and OSHA.
• Target Organ Effects: Chemically-caused effects upon organs and systems such as the liver, kidneys, nervous system, lungs, skin, and eyes from exposure to a material.
Toxicology and Health Information
The consequences of exposure, if any, by inhalation, skin or eye contact, or ingestion are outlined in this section. The signs, symptoms and effects that the exposure could produce are described so that any exposure would be recognized as quickly as possible and the appropriate action taken.
The organs that are more susceptible to attack are referred to as target organs. The effects and damage that exposure could produce on these organs are given together with the symptoms. Some of the terms used that may be less familiar or which may have a specific inference in MSDS are defined below:
• Acute Effect: An adverse effect on a human or animal resulting from a single exposure with symptoms developing almost immediately after exposure. The effect is often of short duration.
• Chronic Effect: An adverse effect on a human or animal body resulting from repeated low level exposure, with symptoms that develop slowly over a long period of time or that reoccur frequently.
• Corrosive: A liquid or solid that causes visible destruction or irreversible alterations in human or animal tissue.
• Irritation: An inflammatory response or reaction of the eye, skin or respiratory system.
• Allergic Sensitization: A process whereby on first exposure a substance causes little or no reaction in humans or test animals, but which on repeated exposure may cause a marked response not necessarily limited to the contact site.
Skin sensitization is the most common form of sensitization in the industrial setting, although respiratory sensitization is also known to occur.
• Teratogen: A substance or agent to which exposure of a pregnant female can result in malformations (birth defects) to the skeleton and or soft tissue of the fetus.
• Mutagen: A substance or agent capable of altering the genetic material in a living organism.
• Carcinogen: A substance or agent capable of causing or producing cancer in humans or animals. Authorities/ organizations that have evaluated whether or not a substance is a carcinogen are the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) and OSHA.
• Target Organ Effects: Chemically-caused effects upon organs and systems such as the liver, kidneys, nervous system, lungs, skin, and eyes from exposure to a material.
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